Feminist Inscriptions in Gandharvan Works

Superiority of women is one of the factors that hinder the progress of the society. Both men and women are part of society. Today's society will be better if both the genders are treated equally in knowledge, have equal rights, and live in harmony with love and virtue. But today's society is a patriarchal society. Women remain enslaved and marginalized, even though some rights have been given to women, the fundamental changes for complete women's emancipation have not yet taken place. Human emancipation will be complete only when fundamental changes take place and women's emancipation is complete. Feminine is the characteristic of love, female is the form of virtue. Woman is the primary source of life and growth she is the source of strength, the pinnacle of sacrifice, the protector of duty and the abode of patience. Poets have described about such feminine qualities in their works. In the field of Tamil literature, the term "Penniyam" refers to feminism and many works are created based on it. Feminism is one of the various academic fields that are emerging today. Today's research on feminism through the fields of anthropology, psychology, linguistics, sociology, and history is increasing. Similarly, many researches have appeared in the field of literature on women's creative issues. Thus, this article examines the ideology of women in kandarvan's works

Problems of Social Relations in Gandharvan Poetry

History shows that new poetry emerged through revolutions all over the world. New poetry began to infiltrate society as a propaganda weapon in a way that was easily understood by lay people. In the Tamil environment, Bharatiyar started Pudukavitha as a platform for developing the spirit of liberation and reprimanding the existing inequalities in human relations. In the subsequent period, many thinkers and reformers appeared and contributed to awaken the Tamil people in the Tamil society, which had a practice of secrecy and endless ignorance. Magazines like ‘Eluththu’, ‘Zhla’ and poetry organizations like ‘Vanampaadi’ supported it and popularized the new poetry. The poets expressed the ideas of social awareness and social thinking, solutions to the problems of reformation as advices gently, and with prudence and revolutionary attitude that immediate change in the society is needed. The reason for this is the objective of revitalizing social relations and living together in an unequal manner. Based on this, the themes of literature, especially poetry, began to emerge in a new direction, in a new perspective, with concepts from new angles according to the times. In this background, social problems, social reform ideas and ideas about social change are taking place as the main ideas in the Tamil poems of this era and are causing various impacts. These are creative in a way that sheds light on the social factors that prevent human relationships from coming together

Shuffle on array languages generated by array grammars

Motivated by the studies done by G. Siromoney et al. (1973) and Alexan- dru Mateescu et al. (1998) we examine the language theoretic results related to shuf- fle on trajectories by making use of Siromoney array grammars such as (R : R)AG, (R : C F )AG, (C F : R)AG, (C F : C F )AG, (C S : R)AG, (C S : C S)AG and (C F : C S)AG which are more powerful than the Siromoney matrix grammars (1972) and are used to make digital pictures

Inhibitory effects of flavonoids isolated from Givotia rottleriformis bark and Cassia tora leaves on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS stimulated human whole blood

The plants Givotia rottleriformis bark and Cassia tora leaves were used in indigenous medicine in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases like psoriasis. In previous work, three flavonoids namely Rutin (I), Luteolin-7-O-β-D-Glucuronide (II) and Kaempferol 3-O-[2-O-(6-O-feruloyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-β-D-galactopyranoside (III) were isolated from G. rottleriformis bark and three flavonoids viz quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucuronide (IV), Luteolin-7-O-β-glucopyranoside (V) and Formononetin-7-O-β-D-Glucoside (VI) were isolated from C. tora leaves and evaluated for antipsoriatic activity. The cytotoxic effect of isolated compounds I-VI was evaluated using HaCaT cells, a rapidly multiplying human keratinocyte cell line, as a model of epidermal hyperproliferation in psoriasis. Among the isolated compounds, compound II, III and VI showed significant antiproliferant activity in HaCaT cells. Pro-inflammatory cytokines viz., IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17 and TNF-α contributes to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis and has been a target for the development of the new anti-psoriatic drug. Hence the present study aimed to evaluate inhibitory effects of ethanol extract of selected plants and isolated compound II, III and VI (5-40 mg/mL) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced pro-inflammatory cytokines viz., IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17 and TNF-α production. The level of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17 and TNF-α pro-inflammatory cytokines were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The ethanol extract of both the plants was standardized by HPLC using chemical markers. Preincubation with isolated compounds II, III, VI and ethanol extract of selected plants strongly attenuated LPS-induced increase in the concentrations of IL-6 (50-73 %) and TNF-α (64-90 %). The compound II and III also showed significant inhibition (*p ≤0.05) of IL-1β, IL-8 and IL-17. The results showed that the selected plants and isolated flavonoids have potential effects as anti-inflammatory agents by inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines supporting the folkloric utilization

Evidence for the Double Excimer State of conjugated polymer in a liquid solution

In this paper, the spectral properties of a conjugated polymer poly [2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1, 4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV) in benzene have been studied. The results showed that the fluorescence spectra of MEH-PPV under low concentrations had two peaks; the dominant one due to monomer was around 560 nm, and the shoulder one attributed to the excimer was around 600 nm. Under higher concentrations, it was found that there was only one band around 600 nm due to the excimeric state. By increasing the concentrations of MEH-PPV, it could be seen that there was a new band around 640nm. This band is being attributed to the double excimer. Under high power pulsed laser excitation, we observed amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) at 570 nm, 605 nm and 650 nm. These ASE peaks could arise from the monomer, excimer and double excimer states of the macromolecule respectively. To the best of our knowledge this is perhaps the first report on ASE from double excimer of the conjugated polymer, MEH-PPV in liquid solution

Over-expression of adenosine deaminase in mouse podocytes does not reverse puromycin aminonucleoside resistance

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Edema in nephrotic syndrome results from renal retention of sodium and alteration of the permeability properties of capillaries. Nephrotic syndrome induced by puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) in rats reproduces the biological and clinical signs of the human disease, and has been widely used to identify the cellular mechanisms of sodium retention. Unfortunately, mice do not develop nephrotic syndrome in response to PAN, and we still lack a good mouse model of the disease in which the genetic tools necessary for further characterizing the pathophysiological pathway could be used. Mouse resistance to PAN has been attributed to a defect in glomerular adenosine deaminase (ADA), which metabolizes PAN. We therefore attempted to develop a mouse line sensitive to PAN through induction of normal adenosine metabolism in their podocytes.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A mouse line expressing functional ADA under the control of the podocyte-specific podocin promoter was generated by transgenesis. The effect of PAN on urinary excretion of sodium and proteins was compared in rats and in mice over-expressing ADA and in littermates.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We confirmed that expression of ADA mRNAs was much lower in wild type mouse than in rat glomerulus. Transgenic mice expressed ADA specifically in the glomerulus, and their ADA activity was of the same order of magnitude as in rats. Nonetheless, ADA transgenic mice remained insensitive to PAN treatment in terms of both proteinuria and sodium retention.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Along with previous results, this study shows that adenosine deaminase is necessary but not sufficient to confer PAN sensitivity to podocytes. ADA transgenic mice could be used as a background strain for further transgenesis.</p

Clathrin and LRP-1-Independent Constitutive Endocytosis and Recycling of uPAR

Background: The urokinase receptor (uPAR/CD87) is highly expressed in malignant tumours. uPAR, as a GPI anchored protein, is preferentially located at the cell surface, where it interacts with its ligands urokinase (uPA) and the extracellular matrix protein vitronectin, thus promoting plasmin generation, cell-matrix interactions and intracellular signalling events. Interaction with a complex formed by uPA and its inhibitor PAI-1 induces cell surface down regulation and recycling of the receptor via the clathrin-coated pathway, a process dependent on the association to LRP-1. Methodology/Principal Findings: In this study, we have found that along with the ligand-induced down-regulation, uPAR also internalizes and recycles constitutively through a second pathway that is independent of LRP-1 and clathrin but shares some properties with macropinocytosis. The ligand-independent route is amiloride-sensitive, does not require uPAR partitioning into lipid rafts, is independent of the activity of small GTPases RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42, and does not require PI3K activity. Constitutively endocytosed uPAR is found in EEA1 positive early/recycling endosomes but does not reach lysosomes in the absence of ligands. Electron microscopy analysis reveals the presence of uPAR in ruffling domains at the cell surface, in macropinosome-like vesicles and in endosomal compartments. Conclusions/Significance: These results indicate that, in addition to the ligand-induced endocytosis of uPAR, efficient surface expression and membrane trafficking might also be driven by an uncommon macropinocytic mechanism couple

Natural radionuclide of Po210 in the edible seafood affected by coal-fired power plant industry in Kapar coastal area of Malaysia

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Po²¹⁰can be accumulated in various environmental materials, including marine organisms, and contributes to the dose of natural radiation in seafood. The concentration of this radionuclide in the marine environment can be influenced by the operation of a coal burning power plant but existing studies regarding this issue are not well documented. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate the Po²¹⁰concentration level in marine organisms from the coastal area of Kapar, Malaysia which is very near to a coal burning power plant station and to assess its impact on seafood consumers.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Concentration of Po²¹⁰was determined in the edible muscle of seafood and water from the coastal area of Kapar, Malaysia using radiochemical separation and the Alpha Spectrometry technique.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The activities of Po²¹⁰in the dissolved phase of water samples ranged between 0.51 ± 0.21 and 0.71 ± 0.24 mBql^-1whereas the particulate phase registered a range of 50.34 ± 11.40 to 72.07 ± 21.20 Bqkg^-1. The ranges of Po²¹⁰activities in the organism samples were 4.4 ± 0.12 to 6.4 ± 0.95 Bqkg^-1dry wt in fish (<it>Arius maculatus</it>), 45.7 ± 0.86 to 54.4 ± 1.58 Bqkg^-1dry wt in shrimp (<it>Penaeus merguiensis</it>) and 104.3 ± 3.44 to 293.8 ± 10.04 Bqkg^-1dry wt in cockle (<it>Anadara granosa</it>). The variation of Po²¹⁰in organisms is dependent on the mode of their life style, ambient water concentration and seasonal changes. The concentration factors calculated for fish and molluscs were higher than the recommended values by the IAEA. An assessment of daily intake and received dose due to the consumption of seafood was also carried out and found to be 2083.85 mBqday^-1person^-1and 249.30 μSvyr^-1respectively. These values are comparatively higher than reported values in other countries. Moreover, the transformation of Po²¹⁰in the human body was calculated and revealed that a considerable amount of Po²¹⁰can be absorbed in the internal organs. The calculated values of life time mortality and morbidity cancer risks were 24.8 × 10^-4and 34 × 10^-4respectively which also exceeded the recommended limits set by the ICRP.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The findings of this present study can be used to evaluate the safety dose uptake level of seafood as well as to monitor environmental health. However, as the calculated dose and cancer risks were found to cross the limit of safety, finding a realistic way to moderate the risk is imperative.</p

Natural Killer Cell Signal Integration Balances Synapse Symmetry and Migration

Imaging immune surveillance by natural killer (NK) cells has revealed that integration of activating and inhibitory signals determines whether or not NK cells stop to kill the target cell or retain a migratory configuration